Active and Passive voice // Softskill

What is active voice?

Active voice happen in an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb. The subject in active voice is doing the verb’s action.

                        S + V + O

characteristic of active voice   :

1.      The subject of sentence in active form is at the starting of the sentence.

2.      Subject is followed by the form of ‘to be’, verb and object.

3.      We can say that verb is in the Active Voice.

4.      An active voice tells clearly about the action who has done it.

Examples of active voice        :

1.      Sue changed the flat tire.

2.      The boy kicks the ball.

3.      We are going to watch a movie tonight

What is Passive voice?

In passive voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.

                        S + to be + V3 + By…

Characteristic of passive voice            :

1.      When we change the sentence from active to passive voice, the object becomes the subject.

2.      We can use sentences with only transitive verbs in passive voice that is we can change the sentences having object into this voice.

3.      This form may or may not tell clearly about the action who has done it.

4.      To make clear the action who has done it we should add ‘by’

Examples of passive voice      :

1.      The flat tire was changed by Sue.

2.      The ball was kicked by the boy.

3.      A movie is going to be watched tonight by us.

source: thebestuknow.com/english-grammar/active-passive-voice/

What is Transitive verb?

Transitive verb is a verb that needs a direct object to complete its meaning. Bring, enjoy, and prefer are transitive verbs.

example           : She loves animal. (loves as a verb and animal as a direct object)

                          He buys chocolate for me. (uys as a verb and chocolate as a direct object)

What is Intransitive verb?

Intransitive verb is a verb that does not need a direct object to complete its meaning.

example           : We talked for hours.

                          They laugh uncontrollably.

                          source: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/transitive-and-intransitive-verbs

TENSES

Simple Present Tense

Simple sentence present tense is a sentence commonly used when:

• Saying a word that is customary.

• Say something that is common.

• Saying an event that has been scheduled or planned.

v              Subject + Verb1/Verb-s/ Verb-es

Examples :

1.      I am a University student. (Saya adalah seorang mahasiswa)

2.      You are a singer. (Kamu adalah seorang penyanyi)

3.      I go to the library everyday. (Saya pergi ke perpustakaan setiap hari)

4.      We love Indonesia. (Kami cinta Indonesia)

Simple Past Tense

A simple past tense is usually used when:

• Reveals an event occurring at a certain time in the past.

• Reveals a recurring habit or event in the past.

v              Subject + Verb 2

Examples :

1.      I was so busy busy last week. (Saya sangat sibuk minggu lalu)

2.      I went to campus yesterday. (Saya pergi ke kampus kemarin)

3.      He always studied hard when he was a student. (Dia selalu belajar keras ketika dia masih menjadi seorang pelajar)

Present Continuous Tense

The sentence present continuous tense is a sentence used when:

• Ongoing events.

• Upcoming events, but the time is near.

v              Subject + Am/Is/Are + Verb-ing

Examples :

1.      I am watcging television now. (Saya sedang menonton televisi sekarang)

2.      We are learning mathematics now. (Kami sedang belajar matematika sekarang)

3.      Chelsi is reading a novel right now. (Chelsi sedang membaca novel sekarang)

Present Perfect Tense

The perfect present tense is usually used when:

• Reveals an action or activity that has been completed before now.

• Reveals an act or activity that was done in the past and still has something to do with the present time.

• Disclose an activity that has been completed, but the results / consequences can be felt at this time.

            Subject + Has/Have + Verb 3

Examples :

1.      I have been here for two hours. (Saya sudah di sini selama dua jam)

2.      She has eaten all the food. (Dia sudah memakan semua makanan itu)

3.      My friend has taught English since two years ago. (Temanku telah mengajar bahasa inggris sejak duaa tahun yang lalu)

4.      She has read this book. (Dia telah membaca buku ini)

Perfect Continuous Tense

Present perfect continuous tense is usually used when:

• Reveals an activity long enough, which began in the past and still lasts until now.

                        Subject + Has/Have + been + Verb-ing.

Examples :

1.      We have been learning English for ten years. (Kami telah sedang belajar bahasa inggris selama sepuluh tahun)

2.      My brother has been able to driving a car for two years. (sadara laki-laki ku sudah dapat mengendarai mobil selama dua tahun)

Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense is commonly used when:

• Reveals an action that occurred before any other action occurred in the past. So there are two actions in that sentence.

• An event or condition or event that lasted for a certain time in the past, but has stopped before now.

            Subject + Had + Verb 3

Examples         :

1.      He had been here before I came. (Dia sudah disini sebelum aku datang)

2.      Chelsi had lived in Jakarta for tn years before she moved to Amerika. (Chelsi sudah tinggal di Jakarta selama sepuluh tahun sebelum dia pindah ke Amerika)

Modal Auxiliaries

ü  Can – Could commonly used to express the ability, declare the possibility, ask permission, and the request or request is polite.

Examples         : Chelsi can speak English very fluently

                          Could you tell me your name, please?

ü  May – Might often used to express the possibility and request permission.

Examples         : Chelsi, you may go home now.

                          May I meet you now?

ü  Must is used for strong obligations.

Examples         : You must present your paper tomorrow.

                          You must be hungry.

Source : Tumijo, 2009. Successful Strategies for Toefl. Pustaka Widyatama : Yogyakarta

Job Interview // Softskill

A list of  20 Questions in an Interview

 1.    Can you tell me a little about yourself?
 2.    Why do you choosed English Literature in University?
 3.    Who is paid you study?
 4.    Who is paid you study?
 5.    How did you hear about the position?
 6.    What do you know about the company?
 7.    Why do you want this job?
 8.    What are your gratest professional strengths?
 9.    Except formal academic, do you have other skills?
 10.    What is the meaning of working for you?
 11.    Tell me about a challenge or conflict you’ve faced at work, and how you dealt with it?
 12.    What’s your dream job?
 13.    What  are you looking for in a new position?
 14.    What type of work environment do you prefer?
 15.     How do you deal with pressure or stressful situations?
 16.    What is advantage and disadvantage in work for you?
 17.    Do you have good relation with your friends?
 18.    Do you like working by yourself or by team?
 19.    Why should we hire you?
 20.    Where do you see yourself in five years?

Illegal question

 a.    applicants about:
·    age
·    race
·    color
·    gender
·    national origin
·    birthplace
·    marital/parental/family status
·    religion
·    disabilities

Because the face serious trouble if they follow discriminatory about  recruitment policies. Laws stop interviewers from invading the interviewee  privacy, but sensitive questions still arise in one form or another inside job interview

 b.    Explain how to answer the illegal question
When you got an illegal or inappropriate interview questions, be diplomatic in your self to response. You won't get hired if you misread the interviewer’s intentions and overreact when answer they question. On the other hand, they want to see how you handle delicate situations when they accept you. Give a brief answer to set limits to the topic and mention you’re happy to answer their question but aren’t sure how it relates to the job. That gives them a chance to explain themselves. And also stay confident to make them believe that you want to work for the company at all. 



 ·    Chelsi Claudia         12614341
 ·    Eliska Tejaningtyas    13614504
 ·    Joti Sukma Elita D     15614712
 ·    Namira Setiawardani     17614792
 ·    Rahwillisvy             18614824

Application Letter

PT Mott MacDonald Indonesia

Graha Niaga, Senayan, Jakarta, Indonesia

Jakarta

January 27, 2019

Dear Sir/Ms/Mrs,

I have read from your advertisement at www.jobstreet.co.id/id/job/translator-2041409?fr=21&src=12 that your company is looking for employees to hold some position. I’m interested in applying application for Translator according to my education background.

I’m a freshgraduated student from Gunadarma University. My name is Chelsi Claudia. I have graduated from Department of English Literatur of Gunadarma University. I consider myself that I have qualifications as you want.  In addition, I possess good motivation for progress and growing, energetic, hard worker and eager to learn. I can speak in English as fluently and have an ability to communicate to the other. Through my good organizational skill and my ability to work independent as well as in team situation. Beside that adequate computer skill

I would express my gratitude for your attention and I hope I could follow your recruitment test quickly.

Sincerely yours,

NEGOTIATION // softskills

1.                  What is negotiation?

The definition of negotiation can be defined as : the action or process of negotiating or being negotiated —often used in plural negotiations between the two governments have failed to produce an agreement.

2.            What are the negotiation style? Explain!

The top 5 Negotiating Styles of Thomas and Kilmann.

1. Competing (I win – You lose)
This style of negotiation is best described as competitive and is one of the most used styles in negotiating. Negotiators using this style are looking out for their own needs, asking themselves ‘what do I need to get from this discussion / process?’. They use a variety of tactics to get what they want and their concern for the relationship is low.

This style is most effective when results are needed quickly, or you are certain there is no room for negotiation. Good examples of this style are buying a new car or a lawyer representing their client or commodity based selling.

2. Accommodating (I Lose – You Win)
This style of negotiation is all about the relationship and is the polar opposite of the Competing style. Accommodating negotiators believe that the only way to ultimately get what they want is to give everything to the other party and maybe in time they will do the same or stay. This style, is naturally, well liked by the opposite party.

Examples of this style are when a person knowingly injures another person and willingly offers to pay all medical expenses hoping the injured party does not sue.

3.Compromising (I Lose / Win Some – You Lose/ Win Some)
The old adage ‘pick your battles’ applies here. This style values the relationship and acknowledges that there is a loss but it is better to compromise then completely lose. A compromising style results in both parties getting more or less half of what they originally wanted. This style is common when the negotiating parties have a high level of trust between each other and are time poor. This style should not be confused with Collaborating (I win – You win).

4. Collaborating (I Win – You Win)
Collaborative negotiators are innovators! They recognise that both parties have needs that must be met and take the time to find creative solutions to this common conundrum. In business, this style of negotiating is often seen as the “Holy Grail”.

Most business to business negotiators plan for this type of negotiation. Some organisations are well known for their collaborative style of negotiating where some others are known for being mercenaries in their approach.

It needs to be recognised that this style of negotiating is somewhat wonderful ideological because in reality it is high on resources and time.

An example of this style is Honda Motor Company which is known for being completely focused on a collaborative approach to working with their suppliers resulting in greater commitment and cooperation and well built cars!

5. Avoiding (I Lose – You Lose)
This style can be more difficult to spot as it can go under cover for a time; it is a ‘passive aggressive style’. The user of this style is unassertive and uncooperative. They do not immediately pursue their own concerns or the other parties nor do they ever address the conflict. This style is usually a vengeful style and whilst the adopters of this style won’t address the conflict they will seek ways of retribution. This style is usually in response to a highly competitive style. The avoider will shut down communication and contact and will seemingly disappear off the radar. While this is in play, mutual resentment builds and cracks to total breakdown of the relationship may occur.

An example of this style is two co-workers who cannot agree on the delivery of a project and avoid communicating with each other but happily talk to other co-workers about it!

Managing negotiations takes skill and training. For more information on styles click on the topic ‘Negotiation Skills’ which includes templates, models, do’s and don’t’s and more.

3.            Explain the negotiation process!

Negotiation process permeates the interactions of almost everyone in groups and organizations.

The five steps of the negotiation process are;

1.      Preparation and Planning

Before the start of negations, one must be aware of the conflict, the history leading to the negotiation the people involved and their perception of the conflict expectations from the negotiations etc.

2.      Definition of Ground Rules

Once the planning and strategy are developed, one has to begin defining the ground rules and procedures with the other party over the negotiation itself that will do the negotiation. Where will it take place?

What time constraints, if any will apply? To what issues will negotiations be limited? Will there be a specific procedure to follow in an impasse is reached? During this phase, the parties will also exchange their initial proposals or demands.

3.      Clarification and Justification

When initial positions have been exchanged both the parties will explain amplify, clarify, bolster and justify their original demands. This need not be confrontational.

Rather it is an opportunity for educating and informing each other on the issues why they are important and how each arrived at their initial demands.

This is the point where one party might want to provide the other party with any documentation that helps support its position.

4.      Bargaining and Problem Solving

The essence of the negotiation process is the actual give and take in trying to hash out an agreement, a proper bargain. It is here where concessions will undoubtedly need to be made by both parties.

5.      Closure and Implementation

The final step in the negotiation process is formalization the agreement that has been worked out and developing and procedures that are necessary for implementation and monitoring.

For major negotiations – this will require hammering out the specifics in a formal contract.

Negotiation Process has five stages. In all steps of a negotiation process, the involved parties bargain at a systematic way to decide how to allocate scarce resources and maintain each other’s interest.

4.            What are the characteristic of negotiation?

There are certain characteristics of the negotiation process. These are:

a)      There are a minimum of two parties present in any negotiation.

b)      Both the parties have pre-determined goals which they wish to achieve.

c)      There is a clash of pre-determined goals, that is, some of the pre-determined goals are not shared by both the parties.

d)     There is an expectation of outcome by both the parties in any negotiation.

e)       Both the parties believe the outcome of the negotiation to be satisfactory.

f)       Both parties are willing to compromise, that is, modify their position.

g)      The incompatibility of goals may make the modification of positions difficult.

h)      The parties understand the purpose of negotiation

5.                  Explain the positive and negative affect in negotiation!

The positive affects in negotiation :Even before the negotiation process starts, people in a positive mood have more confidence and higher tendencies to plan to use a cooperative strategy. During the negotiation, negotiators who are in a positive mood tend to enjoy the interaction more, show less contentious behavior, use less aggressive tactics and more cooperative strategies. This in turn increases the likelihood that parties will reach their instrumental goals and enhance the ability to find integrative gains. Indeed, compared with negotiators with negative or natural affectivity, negotiators with positive affectivity reached more agreements and tended to honor those agreements more. Those favorable outcomes are due to better decision making processes, such as flexible thinking, creative problem solving, respect for others' perspectives, willingness to take risks and higher confidence. Post negotiation positive affect has beneficial consequences as well. It increases satisfaction with achieved outcome and influences one's desire for future interactions. The PA aroused by reaching an agreement facilitates the dyadic relationship, which result in affective commitment that sets the stage for subsequent interactions.

PA also has its drawbacks: it distorts perception of self performance, such that performance is judged to be relatively better than it actually is. Thus, studies involving self reports on achieved outcomes might be biased.

Negative Affect in Negotiation

Negative affect has detrimental effects on various stages in the negotiation process. Although various negative emotions affect negotiation outcomes, by far the most researched is anger. Angry negotiators plan to use more competitive strategies and to cooperate less, even before the negotiation starts. These competitive strategies are related to reduced joint outcomes. During negotiations, anger disrupts the process by reducing the level of trust, clouding parties' judgment, narrowing parties' focus of attention and changing their central goal from reaching agreement to retaliating against the other side. Angry negotiators pay less attention to opponent's interests and are less accurate in judging their interests, thus achieve lower joint gains. Moreover, because anger makes negotiators more self-centered in their preferences, it increases the likelihood that they will reject profitable offers. Anger does not help in achieving negotiation goals either: it reduces joint gains and does not help to boost personal gains, as angry negotiators do not succeed in claiming more for themselves. Moreover, negative emotions lead to acceptance of settlements that are not in the positive utility function but rather have a negative utility. However, expression of negative emotions during negotiation can sometimes be beneficial: legitimately expressed anger can be an effective way to show one's commitment, sincerity and needs. Moreover, although NA reduces gains in integrative tasks, it is a better strategy than PA in distributive tasks (such as zero-sum). In his work on negative affect arousal and white noise, Seidner found support for the existence of a negative affect arousal mechanism through observations regarding the devaluation of speakers from other ethnic origins." Negotiation may be negatively affected, in turn, by submerged hostility toward an ethnic or gender group.

Why listening is such a big challenge for most people?

Why listening is such a big challenge for most people? 

people were born differently. for some people it is more easier to be a listener, but for the other it is more easier to be a talker or a speaker.

to be a good listener, it is not as easy as we could imagine. It is both about how to be patient and how to understand what is the speaker’s means perfectly

there are a several ways to improving our listening skills : 

1. BE FULLY IN THE MOMENT

Have you ever been speaking to someone and found that they are distracted by something and not really listening to you? You probably thought this was annoying, frustrating, and disrespectful. At that point you may have even become angry or shut the conversation down.

When someone is speaking it is vitally important to be fully present and in the moment with them. If something else is on your mind, like a call you have to make, or a text you need to answer, let them know, do what you need to do, and when you are finished let them know you are ready to listen.

When listening pay attention not only to the words but the tone of voice, facial expressions, and body language. This will give you information that will be as important as the words themselves.

2. PUT YOURSELF IN THEIR SHOES

Whether you agree with the speaker or even have an interest in what they have to say, what they are saying is important to them. Imagine yourself in their situation, wanting only to have someone listen to them. When they are speaking, make an effort to think of where they are coming from and why. Imagine what their life is like and what struggles they might be facing. People will appreciate that you made the effort to understand and really hear them.

3. PICK UP KEY POINTS AND LET THE SPEAKER KNOW YOU DID

Many people have trouble focusing on what someone is saying especially if they speak for longer than a minute or so. It is easy for our attention to drift to something else that we might find more interesting. If that’s the case, try to pick up a few key points in the conversation. After they finish talking, let them know that you heard them by mentioning the key points you heard them say and ask them to clarify anything that you did not understand. You will be forgiven for not being able to follow the whole conversation if the person talking believes that you made an honest effort.

4. PRACTICE ACTIVE LISTENING

Most people are thinking of how they are going to reply when someone is talking. Instead of doing that, try to focus completely on what the person is saying. Pretend that you will be tested on how much of what they were saying you heard and understood. A good exercise to practice is to sit down with a family member or a good friend and practice simply giving feedback to them of what you heard them say. You will notice that it gets much easier to focus on their words when you aren’t worrying about how you will respond.

5. DEVELOP CURIOSITY, AN OPEN MIND, AND A DESIRE FOR CONTINUOUS GROWTH

People who are naturally curious see conversations as learning opportunities. They are always looking to discover or learn something new and see everyone they talk to as having the potential to teach them something. They are open to the idea that their own way of seeing things may not be the only, or necessarily the best, way and don’t feel the need to always defend their own point of view or way of seeing the world.

These people are continuously looking for new learning opportunities and taking on new challenges. You will recognize these people as the ones who are signing up for courses, volunteering, and trying new experiences throughout their lives. For them, listening to others becomes an easy and natural way to continue on their self-development journey.

How technology affects communication positively and negatively?

How technology affects communication positively and negatively?

Communication is an essential part of life. The ability to communicate clearly and effectively is one of the skills that businesses look for in employees. The use of technology can be a great help to people in communicating, reducing the time it takes. But technology can have consequences of reducing person-to-person interaction without the device as an intermediary.

the positivity of how technology affects communication is like world is in our hand. in this era globalization everyone must has handphone to communicate and gets an information.

 

1. Email 

Electronic mail, or email, was one of the first changes in how companies use technology to communicate with individuals. The ability to release information to many different people at once, without calling a meeting or requiring printing of the materials, turned into a money- and time-saving device. The positives of email were the speed of delivery and the reduction of paper costs. Negatively, more people spend more time on email than on other projects. The sound of a new email being received and the tendency to check email frequently have led to distracted workers. A poorly written email can lead to confusion, rather than clarity, in the workplace.

     2. Text Messaging

Text messaging is one of the most popular ways to communicate. Rather than seeing or talking to a person face-to-face, you can talk to a person over the phone at your leisure. It can be an effective tool for locating a person in a crowd or talking to someone far away. Text messaging also has its own language, an abbreviated form of speech that has found its way into classrooms and businesses. People are more likely to pull out their phone and start texting while sitting at the table for dinner or while having a conversation in person. The actions of texting may seem rude under conventional social norms, leading to misunderstandings.

      3. Instant Messaging

Instant messaging has been around since the 1990s. It was primarily used by people to communicate while doing homework and just to keep in touch. It was texting before text messaging became affordable. Businesses realized the potential of real-time communication at the computer between employees and implemented it. Instant messaging, or IM, has allowed people to reach other people without having to use the phone. The ability to have questions answered immediately allows customer support staff to work faster without irritating the customer. The downside is that employees are less likely to engage in social activities away from their computers. Water cooler talk now takes place by IM, rather than face to face. Many people sit at home talking via IM rather than on the phone or in person.

       4. Social Media

Social media have been a revolution in how people plan events and communicate with one another. Rather than talking to their friends in person, they can post a comment about their life. The revolution of social media has allowed people to rekindle friendships, make new friends and gain new interests. Some people will use social media to connect new relationships in person, while other people will never meet anyone from the sites used. Cyber bullying is one of the problems with social media. The content posted, though personal, can be used to fire or deny people work and promotions. Social media can help you stay in touch with friends, but it can be dangerous to your career and life. The amount of information you put out on the Internet over social media, intended or not, affects you in the real world.

meanwhile, the negativity of how technology affects communication is it is usually makes human more lazy and lazy. they thought that everything as easily, because they can handle it by phone. moreover, in this era globalization most kids has a phone. Parents do not control their children to use it. 

Love is in the Air

Every summer, Penny travels to a family reunion barbeque. Penny is never excited, and this year is no different. She dreads the drive.

She does not like talking to her relatives. And she does not like the smell of hamburgers. (Penny is a vegetarian.)

When Penny arrives, she sees lots of familiar faces. It is July and Uncle Vernon is wearing a sweater. Uncle Vernon is always cold. It’s very mysterious.

She sees her cousin Polly. Polly has six children. The youngest one screams. Then the oldest one screams. Polly’s children are always screaming.

She sees many of her other cousins in the field playing softball. They play a softball game every year, and it always ends in a big argument. Penny wonders, again, why they never solve it.

Then Penny sees an incredibly handsome man. She stares at him. He catches her staring. He smiles and walks over to her. Penny is very nervous. She is nervous because a handsome man is walking up to her and she is nervous because this handsome man might be her cousin.

The man sticks out his hand and says, "Hi, I’m Paul."

"Hi, I’m Penny," Penny says. "Are we related?"

Paul laughs. "No, we are not related. I am Vernon's nurse. He is sick and needs to keep me close by. But he did not want to miss this barbeque!"

"Oh, thank goodness," Penny says and then blushes. Penny always blushes when she is nervous, embarrassed, or hot, and right now she is all three.

Handsome Paul laughs and says, "Would you like to go get a hamburger with me? They smell delicious."

Penny smiles, "Sure. I love hamburgers!"

THE END