Tugas Kelompok
4SA02
Asabel Putri,
Chelsi Claudia, Eliska Tejaningtyas,
Julitha Putri,
Siti Wulandari, Rahma Nabilah.
Penerjemahan Berbantuan Komputer
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No
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SL
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Google Translate
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TL
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Strategy (Newmark)
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1
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When stress starts interfering with your
ability to live a normal life for an extended period, it becomes even more
dangerous.
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Ketika stres mulai mengganggu kemampuan Anda
menjalani kehidupan normal dalam waktu lama, itu akan menjadi lebih berbahaya
lagi.
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Ketika stress mulai mengganggu anda dalam
menjalani kehidupan rutinitas dalam jangka waktu yang panjang, itu akan
menjadi lebih berbahaya lagi.
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Free and communicative translation method.
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2
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The longer the stress lasts, the worse it is
for both your mind and body.
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Semakin lama stres berlangsung, semakin buruk
bagi pikiran dan tubuh Anda.
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Semakin lama stres berlangsung, semakin buruk
pula bagi kesehatan rohani dan jasmani dalam tubuh anda.
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Free and communicative translation method.
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3
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You might feel fatigued, unable to concentrate
or irritable for no good reason, for example.
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Anda mungkin merasa lelah, tidak dapat
berkonsentrasi atau mudah tersinggung tanpa alasan yang bagus, misalnya.
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Anda mungkin akan merasa lelah, tidak dapat
berkonsentrasi atau mudah tersinggung tanpa alasan yang jelas, misalnya.
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Free and communicative translation method.
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4
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But chronic stress causes wear and tear on
your body, too.Stress can make existing problems worse.
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Tapi stres kronis menyebabkan keausan pada
tubuh Anda juga. Stres bisa membuat masalah yang ada menjadi lebih buruk.
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Stres kronis menyebabkan keausan pada tubuh
anda juga. Stres bisa membuat masalah yang ada menjadi lebih buruk.
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Free and communicative translation method.
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5
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In one study, for example, about half the
participants saw improvements in chronic headaches after learning how to stop
the stress-producing habit of “catastrophizing,” or constantly thinking
negative thoughts about their pain.
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Dalam sebuah penelitian, misalnya, sekitar
setengah dari peserta melihat perbaikan pada sakit kepala kronis setelah
belajar bagaimana menghentikan kebiasaan memproduksi stres
"bencana", atau terus memikirkan pemikiran negatif tentang rasa
sakit mereka.
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Dalam sebuah penelitian, misalnya, sekitar
setengah dari peserta melihat penyembuhan pada sakit kepala kronis setelah
belajar bagaimana menghentikan kebiasaan terkena "bencana" stres,
atau terus memikirkan pemikiran negatif tentang rasa sakit mereka.
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Adaptation, free and communicative translation
method.
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6
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Chronic stress may also cause disease, either
because of changes in your body or the overeating, smoking and other bad
habits people use to cope with stress.
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Stres kronis juga bisa menyebabkan penyakit,
entah karena perubahan pada tubuh Anda atau kebiasaan makan berlebihan,
merokok dan kebiasaan buruk lainnya yang digunakan orang untuk mengatasi
stres.
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Stres kronis juga bisa menyebabkan penyakit,
entah karena perubahan pada tubuh Anda atau kebiasaan makan berlebihan,
merokok dan kebiasaan buruk lainnya yang digunakan orang untuk mengatasi
stres.
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Free and communicative translation method.
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7
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Job strain — high demands coupled with low decision-making
latitude — is associated with increased risk of coronary disease, for
example.
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Ketegangan kerja - tuntutan tinggi ditambah
dengan lintang pengambilan keputusan yang rendah - dikaitkan dengan
peningkatan risiko penyakit koroner, misalnya.
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Ketegangan kerja - tuntutan tinggi ditambah
dengan lintang pengambilan keputusan yang rendah - dikaitkan dengan
peningkatan risiko penyakit koroner, misalnya.
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Free and communicative translation method.
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8
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Bentuk stres kronis lainnya, seperti depresi
dan rendahnya tingkat dukungan sosial, juga telah terlibat dalam peningkatan
risiko kardiovaskular.
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Bentuk stres kronis lainnya, seperti depresi
dan rendahnya tingkat dukungan sosial, juga menjadi salah satu penyebab
peningkatan risiko kardiovaskular.
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Free and communicative translation method.
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9
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And once you're sick, stress can also make it
harder to recover.
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Dan begitu Anda sakit, stres juga bisa membuat
lebih sulit pulih.
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Dan begitu Anda sakit, stres juga bisa membuat
lebih sulit pulih.
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Free and communicative translation method.
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10
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One analysis of past studies, for instance,
suggests that cardiac patients with so-called “Type D” personalities —
characterized by chronic distress — face higher risks of bad outcomes.
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Salah satu analisis studi masa lalu, misalnya,
menunjukkan bahwa pasien jantung dengan apa yang disebut kepribadian
"Tipe D" - yang ditandai dengan masalah kronis - menghadapi risiko
hasil buruk yang lebih tinggi.
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Salah satu analisis studi masa lalu, misalnya,
menunjukkan bahwa pasien jantung dengan apa yang disebut kepribadian
"Tipe D" - yang ditandai dengan masalah kronis - akan menghadapi
risiko-risiko hasil yang lebih buruk.
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Free and communicative translation method.
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How stress affects your
health
Stress: We've all felt it.
Sometimes stress can be a positive force, motivating you to perform well at
your piano recital or job interview. But often — like when you're stuck in
traffic — it's a negative force. If you experience stress over a prolonged
period of time, it could become chronic — unless you take action.
A natural reaction
Have
you ever found yourself with sweaty hands on a first date or felt your heart
pound during a scary movie? Then you know you can feel stress in both your mind
and body.
This
automatic response developed in our ancient ancestors as a way to protect them
from predators and other threats. Faced with danger, the body kicks into gear,
flooding the body with hormones that elevate your heart rate, increase your
blood pressure, boost your energy and prepare you to deal with the problem.
These
days, you're not likely to face the threat of being eaten. But you probably do
confront multiple challenges every day, such as meeting deadlines, paying bills
and juggling childcare that make your body react the same way. As a result,
your body's natural alarm system — the “fight or flight” response — may be
stuck in the on position. And that can have serious consequences for your
health.
Pressure
points
Even
short-lived, minor stress can have an impact. You might get a stomach-ache
before you have to give a presentation, for example. More major acute stress,
whether caused by a fight with your spouse or an event like anearthquake or terrorist attack, can have an even
bigger impact.
Multiple
studies have shown that these sudden emotional stresses — especially anger — can trigger heart
attacks, arrhythmias and even sudden death.1 Although this
happens mostly in people who already have heart disease, some people don't know
they have a problem until acute stress causes a heart attack or something
worse.
Chronic
stress
When
stress starts interfering with your ability to live a normal life for an
extended period, it becomes even more dangerous. The longer the stress lasts,
the worse it is for both your mind and body. You might feel fatigued, unable to
concentrate or irritable for no good reason, for example. But chronic stress causes wear and tear
on your body, too.
Stress
can make existing problems worse.2 In one study, for example,
about half the participants saw improvements in chronic headaches after
learning how to stop the stress-producing habit of “catastrophizing,” or
constantly thinking negative thoughts about their pain.3 Chronic
stress may also cause disease, either because of changes in your body or the
overeating, smoking and other bad habits people use to cope with stress. Job
strain — high demands coupled with low decision-making latitude — is associated
with increased risk of coronary disease, for example.4 Other
forms of chronic stress, such as depression and low levels of social support, have
also been implicated in increased cardiovascular risk. And once you're sick,
stress can also make it harder to recover. One analysis of past studies, for
instance, suggests that cardiac patients with so-called “Type D” personalities
— characterized by chronic distress — face higher risks of bad outcomes.5
What
you can do
Reducing
your stress levels can not only make you feel better right now, but may also
protect your health long-term.
In
one study, researchers examined the association between “positive affect” —
feelings like happiness, joy, contentment and enthusiasm — and the development
of coronary heart disease over a decade.6 They found that for
every one-point increase in positive affect on a five-point scale, the rate of
heart disease dropped by 22 percent.
While
the study doesn't prove that increasing positive affect decreases
cardiovascular risks, the researchers recommend boosting your positive affect
by making a little time for enjoyable activities every day.
Other
strategies for reducing stress include:
·
Identify what's causing stress. Monitor your state of
mind throughout the day. If you feel stressed, write down the cause, your
thoughts and your mood. Once you know what's bothering you, develop a plan for
addressing it. That might mean setting more reasonable expectations for
yourself and others or asking for help with household responsibilities, job
assignments or other tasks. List all your commitments, assess your priorities
and then eliminate any tasks that are not absolutely essential.
·
Build strong relationships. Relationships can be
a source of stress. Research has found that negative, hostile reactions with
your spouse cause immediate changes in stress-sensitive hormones, for example.7 But
relationships can also serve as stress buffers. Reach out to family members or
close friends and let them know you're having a tough time. They may be able to
offer practical assistance and support, useful ideas or just a fresh
perspective as you begin to tackle whatever's causing your stress.
·
Walk away when you're angry. Before you react,
take time to regroup by counting to 10. Then reconsider. Walking or other
physical activities can also help you work off steam. Plus, exercise increases
the production of endorphins, your body's natural mood-booster. Commit to a
daily walk or other form of exercise — a small step that can make a big
difference in reducing stress levels.
,
stress keeps more than 40 percent of adults lying awake at night. To help
ensure you get the recommended seven or eight hours of shut-eye, cut back on
caffeine, remove distractions such as television or computers from your bedroom
and go to bed at the same time each night. Research shows that activities like
yoga and relaxation exercises not only help reduce stress, but also boost
immune functioning.8
·
Get help. If you continue to feel
overwhelmed, consult with a psychologist or other licensed
mental health professional who can help you learn how to manage stress
effectively. He or she can help you identify situations or behaviors that
contribute to your chronic stress and then develop an action plan for changing
them.
The American Psychological Association's
Practice Directorate gratefully acknowledges the assistance of David S. Krantz,
PhD, Beverly Thorn, PhD, and Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, PhD, in developing this
fact sheet.
References
1 Krantz, D.S., Whittaker, K.S. & Sheps, D.S.
(2011). “Psychosocial risk factors for coronary artery disease:
Pathophysiologic mechanisms.” In Heart and Mind: Evolution of Cardiac
Psychology . Washington, DC: APA.
2 Kiecolt-Glaser, J. & Glaser, R.
3
Thorn, B.E., Pence, L.B., et al. (2007). “A randomized clinical trial of
targeted cognitive behavioral treatment to reduce catastrophizing in chronic
headache sufferers.” Journal of Pain 8 , 938-949.
4 Krantz, D.S. & McCeney, M.K. (2002). “Effects
of psychological and social factors on organic disease: A critical assessment
of research on coronary heart disease.” Annual Review of Psychology, 53 ,
341-369.
5 Denollet, J., et al. (2010). “A general propensity
to psychological distress affects cardiovascular outcomes: Evidence from
research on the type D (distressed) personality profile.” Circulation:
Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 3, 546-557.
6 Davidson, K.W., Mostofsky, E. & Whang, W.
(2010). “Don't worry, by happy: Positive affect and reduced 10-year incident
coronary heart disease: The Canadian Nova Scotia Health Survey.” European
Heart Journal, 31 , 1065-1070.
7 Kiecolt-Glaser, J. & Glaser, R.
8 Kiecolt-Glaser, J. & Glaser, R.
Revised 2013
